Colic is a general term used to describe abdominal pain in horses and is one of the most common medical emergencies in equine practice. While some cases are mild and resolve quickly, others can become life-threatening in a short period of time. Knowing the early warning signs, how to reduce risk, and when to involve a veterinarian can make a critical difference in outcome.
What Is Colic?
Colic is not a single disease, but a symptom of many possible problems within the horse’s gastrointestinal tract. These problems can range from gas, ulcers, intestinal twists, displacements, or impactions.
Signs of Colic
Colic signs can vary from subtle to severe, so early recognition is essential.
Mild or early signs may include, decreased appetite or refusing feed, reduced manure production, lying down more than usual, pawing or looking at the flank.
Moderate to severe signs may include repeatedly lying down and getting up, rolling, kicking or biting at the abdomen, sweating without exercise or increased heart and breathing rates.
Some horses show very dramatic pain, while others may exhibit only quiet signs. Any behavior that is unusual for the individual horse should be taken seriously.
If Colic Is Suspected
Remove access to feed and observe the horse closely. You can do light hand-walking but do not force movement. Contact your veterinarian if your horse is showing moderate to severe pain, there is no improvement after mild signs or if you are unsure or uncomfortable with the situation. Do not administer medications unless directed by your veterinarian.
Veterinary Evaluation and Treatment
Veterinary treatment starts with a physical exam and pain assessment. A rectal exam is used to evaluate position of the hindgut, check for impactions and manure. Horses can’t vomit so a nasogastric tube is used to check for reflux, evaluate emptying of the stomach and give fluids/mineral oil. Treatment depends on the cause and may include pain relief, fluids, laxatives, or referral for surgery.
Colic is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, but many cases resolve successfully with prompt recognition and veterinary care. Horse owners who understand the warning signs and know when to call the veterinarian play a huge role in a positive outcome.